Face masks come in various shapes, materials, and purposes. The effectiveness of a face mask largely depends on the material it’s made from. For example, some masks are designed to filter out respiratory droplets, while others only filter out dust particles.
Some masks are made from synthetic fabrics with looser weaves, which are less effective at blocking pathogens but can offer protection from sunlight.
If you want to understand the different types of face masks and their uses, you’re in the right place. We’ll explain the basic types and their main functions.
Cloth face masks are made from fabrics, making them reusable and easy to wash. Unlike disposable masks, they don’t end up in the waste stream as quickly, making them more environmentally friendly. Antimicrobial cloth masks are also a good option to reduce the strain on the supply of surgical masks and respirators, which are critical for healthcare workers. Cloth masks are generally sufficient for everyday use when made from high-quality materials. They’re best used in well-ventilated areas or general community settings. A good cloth mask should fit snugly and be made of several layers of tightly woven fabric. However, they are not a replacement for surgical masks or respirators in high-risk settings like hospitals.
Surgical masks, also known as medical-grade masks, are used by healthcare professionals in intermediate-risk environments such as hospitals or low-ventilation areas. These masks are made of two layers of non-woven fabric with a filter layer in between. They can filter out up to 60% of large microbial particles and block contaminated splatters, sprays, or splashes. They also prevent your saliva and mucus from reaching others. Surgical masks are not reusable and should be properly disposed of after use, especially if they become soiled, damaged, or deformed.
N95 respirators are primarily used in high-risk healthcare settings or by those frequently exposed to airborne or droplet transmission. Made from layers of spun-bound propylene, melt-blown propylene, and polyester/cellulose, N95 respirators can block up to 95% of microbial particles. Unlike surgical masks, N95 respirators fit tightly around the mouth and nose, forming a close seal that effectively prevents aerosol and fluid secretions from being exchanged. They are generally non-reusable and should be discarded when the seal is compromised, they become deformed, torn, or contaminated. However, they can be reused if properly sanitized and stored, especially when supplies are limited.
Exhalation valve masks come with built-in exhalation valves or vents. These masks protect the wearer from inhaling harmful particles as the valves close upon inhalation and make breathing easier. They are mostly intended for industrial workers exposed to dust and chemical pollutants. The CDC advises against using these masks in high disease transmission areas because pathogens can pass through the valve opening.
Neck gaiters are often used by cyclists, runners, and outdoor enthusiasts to protect against sunlight. Made from synthetic fabrics, they are worn around the neck. However, they don’t have filters or layers that can block microbial transmission, making them ineffective at preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
Bandanas, usually made of light woven cotton, are multipurpose cloth pieces often worn around the head to keep sweat off the face. They can also cover the mouth and nose to reduce inhalation of dust and respiratory droplets. While they can reduce the travel distance of respiratory droplets from 8 feet to about 4 feet, they are not as effective as surgical masks or respirators and shouldn’t be used as substitutes in preventing pathogen transmission.
Understanding the differences between these face masks helps you know when and how to use them effectively. Wearing the right mask in various settings can protect you and your loved ones from diseases, harmful particles, or environmental elements.